last news from motive-project.net http://www.motive-project.net Wed, 08 Feb 2012 01:18:17 +0200 WebDesign LTD. FeedCreator http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=208 26 January 2012

A review paper by MOTIVE has just been published in the journal Annals of Forest Science. ‘A review of decision-making approaches to handle uncertainty and risk in adaptive forest management under climate change provides an overview of approaches to which we may resort for handling the complex decision problems involving uncertainty and risk that climate change implies for forest managers. The review emphasizes that the new approaches for analysing adaptive forest management options under climate change are called for, which take into account not only that climate change increases uncertainty of outcomes, but in particular that new and more reliable information about outcomes becomes available as time passes and climate changes. Looking across a large number of studies, the review highlights two important challenges for science that need to be addressed: 1) improved models and concepts for decision making under climate change driven uncertainty, which include the handling of non-stationary and perhaps even belief-based parameters of stochastic processes and probability distributions and 2) the need for simple but valid forest growth models that i) can provide good estimates of timber and other forest goods and services as a function of stand level characteristics and management, ii) are constructed in ways that allow stand growth to react to changes in climate, iii) are able to link together stand output functions to form forest and landscape levels models and iv) are simple enough to prov...]]> Thu, 26 Jan 2012 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=206 19 January 2012

An EU-funded team of researchers in Finland has studied how climate change impacts nature and the various spheres that depend on it, namely agriculture, forestry, fishing and tourism. The study was funded under the VACCIA project (Vulnerability assessment of ecosystem services for climate change impacts and adaptation), which was supported by the EU LIFE+ programme. The three-year project ended in December 2011. The results of the study will help decision-makers, industry and the general public, and give Finland the support it needs to adapt to a changing climate. Nearly 100 experts from the Finnish Environment Institute, the Finnish Meteorological Institute, and the Universities of Helsinki, Jyväskylä and Oulu were contributing to this study. They predicted the climate in Finland will warm more during the winter season instead of the summer season. During the summer months, Finns will have to deal with more hot days and longer hot periods. Thermal winter, which is the period as determined on the basis of temperature, will become shorter. In their study, the team has been probing the effects of climate change and the possibilities for change in various environments within the forest, agricultural and water areas. They point out that the tourism sector will have to adapt to the lack of snow and ice across the Northern region. Modelling estimates in the study show how forestry and fishing will be significantly impacted by the changing conditions. An objectives of the VACCIA Actio...]]> Thu, 19 Jan 2012 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=202 28 December 2011

A paper published in the journal Forests ‘Reviewing the Science and Implementation of Climate Change Adaptation Measures in European Forestry’ presents a comprehensive review of potential adaptation options in forestry in Europe based on three pillars: a review of the scientific literature, an analysis of current national response strategies, and an expert assessment based on a database compiled in the COST Action ECHOES (Expected Climate Change and Options for European Silviculture). The adaptation measures include responses to both risks and opportunities created by climate change and address all stages of forestry operations. For adaptation to be successful it is of the utmost importance to disseminate the knowledge of suitable adaptation measures to all decision makers from the practice to the policy level. Uncertainty about the full extent of climate change impacts and the suitability of adaptation measures creates a need for monitoring and further research. The review is based on the report for the European Commission Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development (AGRI-2007-G4-06) and the extension in MOTIVE project and COST Actions ECHOES. Reviewing the Science and Implementation of Climate Change Adaptation Measures in European Forestry by M. Kolström, M. Lindner, T. Vilén, M. Maroschek, R. Seidl, M. J. Lexer, S. Netherer, A. Kremer, S. Delzon, A. Barbati, M. Marchetti and P. Corona. Forests 2011, 2(4), 961-982. The article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptation o...]]> Wed, 28 Dec 2011 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=203 28 December 2011

Steenberg, J.W.N., Duinker, P.N., Bush, P.G., 2011. Exploring adaptation to climate change in the forests of central Nova Scotia, Canada. Forest Ecology and Management 262 (12), pp. 2316-2327. Abstract The threat of climate change is now recognized as an imminent issue at the forefront of the forest sector. Incorporating adaptation to climate change into forest management will be vital in the continual and sustainable provision of forest ecosystem services. The objective of this study is to investigate climate change adaptation in forest management using the landscape disturbance model LANDIS-II. The study area was comprised of 14,000 ha of forested watersheds in central Nova Scotia, Canada, managed by Halifax Water, the municipal water utility. Simulated climate change adaptation was directed towards three components of timber harvesting: the canopy-opening size of harvests, the age of harvested trees within a stand, and the species composition of harvested trees within a stand. These three adaptation treatments were simulated singly and in combination with each other in the modeling experiment. The timber supply was found to benefit from climate change in the absence of any adaptation treatment, though there was a loss of target tree species and old growth forest. In the age treatment, all trees in a harvested stand at or below the age of sexual maturity were exempt from harvesting. This was done to promote more-rapid succession to climax forest communities typical of the study area. It wa...]]> Wed, 28 Dec 2011 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=205 28 December 2011

A short report on the MOTIVE project has been prepared by the Catalan TV3. The report presents the project through two of its case study areas; North Karelia in Finland and Prades, Catalonia in Spain. Effects of climate change characteristic to the Boreal and Mediterranean bioclimatic zones are presented by visiting these areas. Dr. Marcus Lindner, who is in charge of MOTIVE communications in the European Forest Institute (EFI) and Dr. Carlos Gracia from the Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF) are interviewed in the report. A Catalan-language report can be watched at: http://www.tv3.cat/pprogrames/elmediambient/meaSeccio.jsp?seccio=reportatge&id=19132 ]]> Wed, 28 Dec 2011 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=199 27 December 2011

Wortemann R., Herbette S., Barigah T.S., Fumanal B., Alia R., Ducousso A., Gomory D., Roeckel-Drevet R. and Cochard H., 2011. Genotypic variability and phenotypic plasticity of cavitation resistance in Fagus sylvatica L. across Europe. Tree Physiology 31 (11): 1175-1182. Abstract Xylem cavitation resistance is a key physiological trait correlated with species tolerance to extreme drought stresses. Little is known about the genetic variability and phenotypic plasticity of this trait in natural tree populations. Here we measured the cavitation resistance of 17 Fagus sylvatica populations representative of the full range of the species in Europe. The trees were grown in three field trials under contrasting climatic conditions. Our findings suggest that the genotypic variability of cavitation resistance is high between genotypes of a given population. By contrast, no significant differences were found for this trait across populations, the mean population cavitation resistance being remarkably constant in each trial. We found a significant site effect and a significant site × population interaction, suggesting that cavitation resistance has a high phenotypic plasticity and that this plasticity is under genetic control. The implications of our findings for beech forest management in a context of climate change are discussed. Please see the paper at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpr101 ]]> Tue, 27 Dec 2011 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=200 27 December 2011

Fernandez, I., Carrasco, B., Cabaneiro, A., 2011. Evolution of soil organic matter composition and edaphic carbon effluxes following oak forest clearing for pasture: climate change implications. European Journal of Forest Research, pp. 1-13. Article in Press Abstract This research encompasses soil CO2 emission studies from forest and pasture couplets located in northwestern Spain, where two mature oak forest ecosystems partially cleared for pasture 5 or 50 years ago were selected to monitor soil C effluxes during 2 years. The CO2 exchanges in the soil–atmosphere interphase of forest and pasture plots were seasonally determined using portable infrared gas analysers. At the same time, soil samples from both forest and pasture ecosystems were used to carry out long-term incubations under laboratory conditions. Solid-state 13C-NMR with cross-polarization/magic angle spinning was applied to determine the deforestation effects on soil organic matter (SOM) composition. Pasture implantation caused a notable decline of the labile C pool and a decrease in the total soil C, with an increase in both the SOM humification and the relative concentration of phenolic and carboxyl C. After only 5 years, the deforestation caused a general decrease in the soil CO2 emissions with reduced seasonal fluctuations, these effects being even more intense 50 years after clearing. The correlation observed in oak forests between the CO2 measured in situ and the soil temperature, is masked in pasture ecosystems by the hi...]]> Tue, 27 Dec 2011 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=201 27 December 2011

Gonzalez, P., 2011. Climate change impacts and carbon in U.S. national parks. Park Science 28 (2): 10-15. Abstract New spatial analyses of climate data and 123 peer-reviewed scientific publications document impacts of climate change and carbon stocks and emissions in the U.S. National Park System. Ninety-six percent of land administered by the National Park Service (NPS) is located in areas of observed warming in the 20th century, with an average mean annual temperature increase of 0.6 ± 0.5°C (1.1 ± 0.9°F). Scientific evidence attributes this warming to human greenhouse gas emissions. Field measurements in national parks have detected glacial melt, decreased snowfall and snowpack, earlier spring warmth and streamflow, sea-level rise, increased conifer mortality, and shifts of vegetation biomes, small-mammal ranges, and winter bird ranges. Analyses attribute these impacts to climate change. In California, the National Park Service manages ecosystems with some of the highest forest carbon densities in the world. Carbon emissions from fossil fuel use in parks that cover 10% of system area are equivalent to the emissions of a U.S. city of 21,000 people. These published scientific results provide national parks with information for vulnerability analyses of key resources, adaptation of resource management, and the reduction of climate change through forest conservation and management and energy conservation and efficiency. Please see the paper at: http://www.nature.nps.gov/ParkScience/index.c...]]> Tue, 27 Dec 2011 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=196 09 December 2011

Halofsky, J.E., Peterson, D.L., Furniss, M.J., Joyce, L.A., Millar, C.I., Neilson, R.P., 2011. Workshop approach for developing climate change adaptation strategies and actions for natural resource management agencies in the United States. Journal of Forestry 109 (4): 219-225. Abstract Concrete ways to adapt to climate change are needed to help land-management agencies take steps to incorporate climate change into management and take advantage of opportunities to balance the negative effects of climate change. Because the development of adaptation tools and strategies is at an early stage, it is important that ideas and strategies are disseminated quickly to advance thinking and practice. Here, we offer an example of a successful workshop, focused on National Forests in the United States, which allowed quick dissemination of ideas and strategies for climate change adaptation in resource management through an interaction between scientists and managers. We share both the process used in the workshop and the outcome of facilitated dialogue at the workshop. By presenting concrete adaptation methods and showing the value of a focused scientist-manager dialogue, we hope to motivate the US Forest Service and other natural resource agencies to emulate our approach and begin the process of adapting to climate change. Please see the paper at: http://saf.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/jof/2011/00000109/00000004/art00007]]> Fri, 09 Dec 2011 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=197 09 December 2011

Staupendahl, K., Möhring, B., 2011. Integrating natural risks into silvicultural decision models: A survival function approach. Forest Policy and Economics 13 (6): 496-502. Abstract In the context of climate change, the frequency and intensity of natural disturbances of silvicultural production, such as storms and insects, are expected to increase. Hence, now more than ever before such factors must be considered in forest management. As a contribution to this topic, this article presents a calculation model implemented in Excel frames, which supports decisions in forest production under changing conditions. Risk is integrated into the model by the Weibull function, which serves as an age-dependent survival function. In order to facilitate an intuitive interpretation of its coefficients, it was used in a reparametrised form. Furthermore, salvage price reductions and cost additions caused by calamities are considered. The target variable is the ‘annuity under risk’. We demonstrate exemplarily how different parameters of the survival function influence the probability distribution and thus the expected value of the annuity of a spruce stand. The differences between the annuities with and without a consideration of risk are interpreted as current, annual risk costs. It can be shown that risk lowers the annuity, whereas scenarios with high risks in the young stand stages have a higher impact than those with high risks in mature stands. In the latter case, adaptation is possible by shorten...]]> Fri, 09 Dec 2011 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=198 09 December 2011

Gray, L.K., Gylander, T., Mbogga, M.S., Chen, P.-Y., Hamann, A., 2011. Assisted migration to address climate change: Recommendations for aspen reforestation in western Canada. Ecological Applications 21 (5): 1591-1603. Abstract Human-aided movement of species populations in large-scale reforestation programs could be a potent and cost-effective climate change adaptation strategy. Such large-scale management interventions, however, tend to entail the risks of unintended consequences, and we propose that three conditions should be met before implementing assisted migration in reforestation programs: (1) evidence of a climate-related adaptational lag, (2) observed biological impacts, and (3) robust model projections to target assisted migration efforts. In a case study of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux.) we use reciprocal transplant experiments to study adaptation of tree populations to local environments. Second, we monitor natural aspen populations using the MODIS enhanced vegetation index as a proxy for forest health and productivity. Last, we report results from bioclimate envelope models that predict suitable habitat for locally adapted genotypes under observed and predicted climate change. The combined results support assisted migration prescriptions and indicate that the risk of inaction likely exceeds the risk associated with changing established management practices. However, uncertainty in model projections also implies that we are restricted to a relatively short 20-year plannin...]]> Fri, 09 Dec 2011 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=193 01 December 2011

Leech, S. M., Lara Almuedo P., O’Neill G.. 2011. Assisted Migration: adapting forest management to a changing climate. BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management 12(3):18-34. Abstract Forestry practitioners are increasingly interested in how to adapt practices to accommodate predicted changes in climate. One forest management option involves helping tree species and seed sources (populations) track the movement of their climates through “assisted migration”: the purposeful movement of species to facilitate or mimic natural population or range expansion. In this paper, we discuss assisted migration as a climate change adaptation strategy within forest management. Substantial evidence suggests that most tree species will not be able to adapt through natural selection or migrate naturally at rates sufficient to keep pace with climate change, leaving forests susceptible to forest health risks and reduced productivity. We argue that assisted migration is a prudent, proactive, inexpensive strategy that exploits finely tuned plant-climate adaptations wrought through millennia of natural selection to help maintain forest resilience, health and productivity in a changing climate. Seed migration distances being considered in operational forestry in British Columbia are much shorter than migration distances being contemplated in many conservation biology efforts and are informed by decades of field provenance testing. Further, only migrations between similar biogeoclimatic units are under discussion. These...]]> Thu, 01 Dec 2011 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=194 01 December 2011

Vila-Cabrera, A., Martinez-Vilalta, J., Vayreda, J., Retana, J., 2011. Structural and climatic determinants of demographic rates of Scots pine forests across the Iberian Peninsula. Ecological Applications 21 (4): 1162-1172. Abstract The demographic rates of tree species typically show large spatial variation across their range. Understanding the environmental factors underlying this variation is a key topic in forest ecology, with far-reaching management implications. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) covers large areas of the Northern Hemisphere, the Iberian Peninsula being its southwestern distribution limit. In recent decades, an increase in severe droughts and a densification of forests as a result of changes in forest uses have occurred in this region. Our aim was to use climate and stand structure data to explain mortality and growth patterns of Scots pine forests across the Iberian Peninsula. We used data from 2392 plots dominated by Scots pine, sampled for the National Forest Inventory of Spain. Plots were sampled from 1986 to 1996 (IFN2) and were resampled from 1997 to 2007 (IFN3), allowing for the calculation of growth and mortality rates. We fitted linear models to assess the response of growth and mortality rates to the spatial variability of climate, climatic anomalies, and forest structure. Over the period of 10 years between the IFN2 and IFN3, the amount of standing dead trees increased 11-fold. Higher mortality rates were related to dryness, and growth was reduced with increas...]]> Thu, 01 Dec 2011 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=195 01 December 2011

Kreyling, J., Thiel, D., Nagy, L., Jentsch, A., Huber, G., Konnert, M., Beierkuhnlein, C., 2011. Late frost sensitivity of juvenile Fagus sylvatica L. differs between southern Germany and Bulgaria and depends on preceding air temperature. European Journal of Forest Research, pp. 1-9, Article in Press Abstract Fagus sylvatica, the dominant native forest tree species of Central Europe, is sensitive to late frost events. Advanced leaf flushing due to climate warming may lead to more frequent frost damage in the future. Here, we explore local adaptation to late frost events at both continental and regional scales and test how moderate climate warming (+1.5°C) affects late frost sensitivity. Short-term leaf injury and height growth after a late frost event were quantified in a common garden experiment with 2-year-old F. sylvatica seedlings. The fully crossed three-factorial design consisted of a late frost manipulation, a continuous warming manipulation and selected provenances (three provenances from western Bulgaria and three from southern Germany). Late frost led to leaf injury and reduced height growth (−7%). Provenances differed in their late frost sensitivity at the regional scale, and local adaptation was detected. At the larger scale, the Bulgarian provenances showed reduced height growth (−17%), while the German provenances did not exhibit growth reduction. The warming treatment prevented late frost damage, while height growth declined by 19% in the reference temperature treat...]]> Thu, 01 Dec 2011 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=191 28 November 2011

Gómez-Aparicio, L., García-Valdés, R., Ruíz-Benito, P., Zavala, M.A., 2011. Disentangling the relative importance of climate, size and competition on tree growth in Iberian forests: Implications for forest management under global change. Global Change Biology 17 (7): 2400-2414. Abstract Most large-scale multispecies studies of tree growth have been conducted in tropical and cool temperate forests, whereas Mediterranean water-limited ecosystems have received much less attention. This limits our understanding of how growth of coexisting tree species varies along environmental gradients in these forests, and the implications for species interactions and community assembly under current and future climatic conditions. Here, we quantify the absolute effect and relative importance of climate, tree size and competition as determinants of tree growth patterns in Iberian forests, and explore interspecific differences in the two components of competitive ability (competitive response and effect) along climatic and size gradients. Spatially explicit neighborhood models were developed to predict tree growth for the 15 most abundant Iberian tree species using permanent-plot data from the Spanish Second and Third National Forest Inventory (IFN). Our neighborhood analyses showed a climatic and size effect on tree growth, but also revealed that competition from neighbors has a comparatively much larger impact on growth in Iberian forests. Moreover, the sensitivity to competition (i.e. com...]]> Mon, 28 Nov 2011 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=192 28 November 2011

Metsaranta, J.M., Dymond, C.C., Kurz, W.A., Spittlehouse, D.L., 2011. Uncertainty of 21st century growing stocks and GHG balance of forests in British Columbia, Canada resulting from potential climate change impacts on ecosystem processes. Forest Ecology and Management 262 (5): 827-837 Abstract Over the coming decades, climate change will increasingly affect forest ecosystem processes, but the future magnitude and direction of these responses is uncertain. We designed 12 scenarios combining possible changes in tree growth rates, decay rates, and area burned by wildfire with forecasts of future harvest to quantify the uncertainty of future (2010–2080), timber growing stock, ecosystem C stock, and greenhouse gas (GHG) balance for 67 million ha of forest in British Columbia, Canada. Each scenario was simulated 100 times with the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3). Depending on the scenario, timber growing stock over the entire land-base may increase by 14% or decrease by 9% by 2080 (a range of 2.8 billion m3), relative to 2010. However, timber growing stock available for harvest was forecast to decline in all scenarios by 26–62% relative to 2010 (a range of 1.2 billion m3). Forests were an annual GHG source in 2010 due to an ongoing insect outbreak. If half of the C in harvested wood was assumed to be immediately emitted, then 0–95% of simulations returned to annual net sinks by 2040, depending on scenario, and the cumulative (2010–2080) GHG balance ranged from a sink of...]]> Mon, 28 Nov 2011 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=190 14 November 2011

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) and the National Forest Programme (NFP) Facility have released a publication titled, "Climate Change for Policy-Makers: An approach for integrating climate change in forest programmes in support of sustainable forest management." The publication seeks to provide a practical approach to the process of integrating climate change into national forest programmes. The aim is to assist senior officials in government administrations and the representatives of other stakeholders, including civil society organizations and the private sector, prepare the forest sector for the challenges and opportunities posed by climate change. The crucial role of forests in climate change mitigation and adaptation is now widely recognized at international level. Climate change will have major implications on the sustainable management of forests. In many countries, forest policies and climate related policies are the competencies of different sections of government and involve different groups of stakeholders and experts. The exchange of information across administrative or sectoral boundaries on issues surrounding forestry and climate change is often limited. As a consequence, in many countries climate change issues have not been fully addressed in national forest policies, forestry mitigation and adaptation needs at national level have not been thoroughly considered in national climate change strategies, and cross-sectoral dimensions of climate change impacts hav...]]> Mon, 14 Nov 2011 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=189 11 November 2011

The United Nations has published a new guidebook entitled Guide to Implementation of Phytosanitary Standards in Forestry. It provides suggestions on how to reduce the risk of pest spread and to implement effective pest management strategies at every step of the forest commodities chain. A guide put together by the Food and Agriculture Organisastion (FAO) aims to help countries prevent forest-damaging pests from spreading to new areas as a result of climate change and growing global trade. “Due to climate change, previously inhospitable sites can become suitable for ‘alien’ pests that are accidentally transported through international trade in wood products, seeds or nursery plants – as well as trade in other commodities packaged with wood materials,” said Eduardo Rojas-Briales, FAO’s Assistant Director-General for Forestry. The guide was presented by the agency on 10 November 2011, during the Second Asia-Pacific Forestry Week in Beijing. The guide, which was written by an international group of scientists and plant health experts, is intended for policy-makers, managers and forest workers. It is currently available in four languages: Chinese, English, French, and Russian at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2080e/i2080e00.htm ]]> Fri, 11 Nov 2011 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=187 07 November 2011

Schoene, D.H.F., Bernier, P.Y. , 2011. Adapting forestry and forests to climate change: A challenge to change the paradigm. Forest Policy and Economics, Article in Press. Abstract Carbon in forest biomass has historically been the fulcrum for major changes in forestry and forests. Following T.S. Kuhn, these breaks with the past are seen as paradigm changes. We perceive planned adaptation of forestry and forests under climate change as a new paradigm change, precipitated once more by forest carbon. To be sustainable, forest management and conservation must embrace planned adaptation to and mitigation of mitigation of and adaptation to climate change. The current initiative of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in Developing Countries (REDD) represents, beyond its original mitigation goal, a major facet of planned adaptation of forests and adjoining sectors in developing countries. The initiative is gaining a powerful momentum for enhancing sustainable forest management in developing countries. REDD may also adapt relations between developing and developed countries in another paradigm change. Worldwide observations of climate change impacts on forests and IPCC forecasts project an image of forests and forestry entering a new era. Dealing with this future by relying on autonomous adaptation is unlikely to suffice. Climate change will alter site and ecological conditions, increase risk in many forests, create new gaps in knowledge, increase the value of forest carbon and wood energy, and ex...]]> Mon, 07 Nov 2011 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.motive-project.net/news.php?n=188 07 November 2011

Lucas-Borja, M.E., Fonseca, T., Parresol, B.R., Silva-Santos, P., García-Morote, F.A., Tíscar-Oliver, P.A., 2011. Modelling Spanish black pine seedling emergence: Establishing management strategies for endangered forest areas. Forest Ecology and Management 262 (2): 195-202. Abstract Changes in climate may reduce the success of natural regeneration and hence require adjustments to silvicultural practices. Special attention is required for species such as Spanish black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. ssp salzmannii) because of impediments to achieve successful natural regeneration. Spanish black pine seed germination was studied under field conditions at a normal altitude for the species and at the upper altitude limit of its distribution in the Cuenca Mountains (southeastern Spain). The aim was to assess the effect of location, overstory density, soil treatment, sowing date and climatic characteristics on regeneration success. ANOVA results indicated a significant interaction of location by overstory density on germination rates. A logistic model containing the temperature variable TemminAc, the light radiation effect (Rad variable) and the interaction term between soil treatment (Soil Treat) and radiation (Soil Treat × Rad) correctly predicted the germination success in 94% of cases. Moreover, two Poisson regression models (one for each experimental site) showed that the number of germinated seeds depends on stand basal area (G), soil treatment (Soil Treat) and sowing date (Seed Season)...]]> Mon, 07 Nov 2011 11:00:00 +0200